RYA Tactics
The perfect Tactical xmas present for your helm or crew
Personally signed by the author
RYA Tactics by Mark Rushall sheds a new light on the complexities of sailboat racing. No other sport requires the combination of so many elements – preparation, strategy, speed, tuning and most importantly tactics. However, it’s good tactics which can so often be that elusive missing skill.
As one of the sports top tacticians and coaches, and 2006 RYA Squad Coach of the Year, Mark’s book will help you sail better and improve your results. With easy to follow and logical diagrams, this book breaks new ground in presenting this essential and complex element of our sport.
“Covering almost every conceivable tactical situation, the book is a real tour de force by Rushall….yet comprises one of the easiest to read tactical situation books we have come across.” The Daily Sail, 1 May 07
“This book has come about from years of sailing and coaching at the highest level by an extremely analytical person. Mark …. is one of those annoying people who learnt from every sailing / coaching experience and has built an extensive memory bank of tactical scenarios and understanding.”
Chips Howarth, Fireball World Champion 2005
Tactics is the most comprehensive and accessible guide to racing yet. Providing an awesome and unique insight of sailboat tactics, it breaks down the race to tell you exactly what to think about, how and when to do it, and most importantly, why you should be doing it! No matter what your level of racing experience, you’ll have something to learn from Mark Rushall….”
Georgie Corlett, Editor, Dinghy Sailing Magazine
Start your 2008 season ready prepared and don’t go afloat without having read RYA Tactics.
Order your personally signed copy from www.rushall.net or for UK delivery send a cheque for £16 including P&P to:
Mark Rushall Tactics
Watermark Offices, 8 Lumley Gardens, Lumley Road, Emsworth, Hants, PO10 8AG, UK
International orders – please email tactics@rushall.net and postage rates will be advised.
Also available from www.rya.org.uk and most leading chandleries and book stores.
ENDS
Dinghy Sailing
On a Neilson dinghy sailing holiday, everyone is welcome, from complete beginners to enthusiastic improvers and accomplished experts looking for sunshine and the best conditions. Our approach to dinghy sailing tuition, and the type and quantity of equipment varies from club to club, ensuring that whatever your needs we have a holiday to suit your requirements perfectly.
Sailing means many things to different people. Some like to potter around over crystal clear waters while others crave the excitement of zooming across the waves on a high performance skiff.
Whatever your level of experience, the sense of freedom that comes from sailing is hard to beat. We offer the best boats, instructors and sailing areas together with free RYA training courses, enabling you to step aboard and take advantage of our 25 years of sailing experience.
Dinghy Sailing Tuition
National Sailing Scheme
We work closely with the RYA in developing the National Sailing Scheme. This progressive approach to tuition provides a tried-and-tested way to learn to sail. Holidays shouldn’t feel like school, so we endeavour to make everything from your first taster to high performance race techniques, as much fun as possible!
Start Sailing - Level 1
Great for those new to learn to sail holidays, Level 1 provides a comprehensive introduction to dinghy sailing. It is designed to get you on the water using modern, single-handed dinghies and requires no previous experience.
The course covers a wide variety of skills to enable you to sail confidently such as; wind awareness, rigging basics, knots and sailing theory.
Start Sailing is available in all of our centres.
Basic Skills - Level 2
Level 2 aims to fine-tune the skills and boat handling manoeuvres learnt at Level 1. The course sets out the foundations of sailing with the aim of producing competent light wind sailors who are able to sail and make informed decisions in good conditions.
You can expect to learn more advanced techniques in a variety of craft including; rigging according to weather conditions, coming alongside a moored boat, capsize recovery and essential safety background.
Try Finikounda – Great for the progressing beginner. Holiday sailing at it’s best!
Seamanship Skills
Moving on from Basic Skills, the main focus of this course is fine-tuning skills already learnt and boat handling manoeuvres, whilst increasing your self-reliance and decision making skills.
Day Sailing
We are able to endorse most sections of this course, enabling competent sailors to confidently plan and execute a safe day cruise, aspects covered include pilotage, interpretation of charts and use of GPS.
Finikounda is the main place to go for day sailing.
Sailing with Spinnakers
Sailing with Spinnakers teaches you how to sail a dinghy rigged with an asymmetric or symmetric spinnaker and some trapezing.
Try Porto Heli for a fantastic destination for a sailing holiday with tuition.
Start Racing
You will learn to race a variety of craft from single handers to performance boats. The aim is to gain a good understanding of the rules and techniques of racing, including the course and starting sequence, boat preparation, tactics and racing rules.
Performance Sailing
This is an advanced course for experienced sailors using high performance craft and covers a range of sessions including rigging, tuning, teamwork, trapezing, hiking, tacking and downwind sailing.
Porto Heli is the ideal place for performance sailing.
Dinghy Sailing Equipment
Advances in design and technology have continued to make dinghy sailing easier and more enjoyable than ever before. We've selected tghe best craft from leading British manufacturers Laser and RS, equipping our clubs with a range of kit to suit local wind and conditions.
Laser Funboats
Stable, safe and fun! Perfect for children. Available in all centres except Dahab
Laser Pico
A perfect beginners’ boat with easy-to-use controls. Available in all centres
Laser 1
The classic Olympic class single hander. Exciting sailing. Available in all centres except Vassiliki
Laser 2000
A popular boat for families and friends looking for a stable hull but no shortage of features.
Available in Halkidiki, Sivota, Ortakent, Finikounda and Porto Heli,
Laser 3000
A performance machine ideally suited to teenagers and lighter crews. Fast action with a spinnaker and trapeze. Available in Finikounda
Laser Bahia
A stable and spacious cockpit with space for up to 5 adults, together with a light hull and large gennaker makes a great day sail and cruising boat, with a performance edge.
Available in Lemnos and Lesvos
Laser 4000
Serious fun in the fast lane. A high performance skiff with adjustable racks and a large sail area. With tuition and practice, the 4000 flies. Available in Finikounda and Porto Heli
Laser Stratos
A good size family cruiser, the Stratos is ideal for day sailing, combining stability and performance features.Available in Lemnos, Lesvos, Halkidiki, Finikounda and Porto Heli
Laser Vago XD
Unmatched handling, versatility and exhilarating performance are harnessed by Laser in a unique modern design with high spec sails and trapeze. Available in Lemnos, Lesvos and Dahab
Dart 16
A popular catamaran equally at home pottering around on a day sail or on a trapezing joyride. The Dart 16 is a firm favourite in our centres. Available in all centres
Optimist
The definitive youth racer, the Optimist has traditionally been the first step on the road to success for competitive young sailors. Available in Porto Heli and Finikounda
RS Feva
A versatile dinghy, introducing several advanced features on a user friendly craft suited to younger sailors.Available in Finikounda, Porto Heli, Lemnos and Lesvos
RS 200
An easy to sail dinghy that brings the excitement of asymmetric sailing to everybody, including lighter sailors and youngsters. Available in Porto Heli
RS 400
LDC’s modern classic, a hiking asymmetric. The ultimate choice for the ambitious improver.
Available in Porto Heli
RS 500
Exciting performance with a simple user friendly layout and easy handling.Available in Porto Heli
RS 800
An exciting high performance skiff with twin trapeze that is remarkably easy for competent sailors to master.Available in Porto Heli and Finikounda
29er
A fast, exciting ride, the 29er is a high performance boat ideally suited to light weight sailors and youth racing.Available in Porto Heli
Children and Sailing Holidays
Hot Shots provides RYA tuition for 8-12 year olds whilst Starfish, Sea Urchins, Surfbusters and Sharksters provide fun for younger children and those less inclined to get out on the water.
Hot Shots
The water based activity club, for those that want it all: sailing, windsurfing, kayaking, snorkelling and plenty of sunshine, Hot Shots is the place to be.
Our fully qualified instructors help your youngsters master new skills and get first timers confident in no time at all. In-fact all our RYA qualified instructors will help your Hot Shots improve quickly, with the RYA Youth Sailing Awards, available to those who want to prove their skills.
When not out on the water, Hot Shots enjoy loads of land-based activities and making new friends has never been easier.
If your children are particularly interested in dinghy sailing, they will benefit from choosing a resort that specialises in that particular activity, such as Porto Heli
Hot Shots is open to all children ages 8-12 years and is available for a supplement of £80-£150 per week with the second week half price.
Where to go
Hot Shots is avilable in Lemnos, Finikounda, Vassiliki, Porto Heli and Dahab.
When not in our clubs, children under the age of 13 are welcome to windsurf with their parents. Children must be 13 years or over before they can join the adult windsurfing programme.
Flotilla Holidays
Flotilla Holidays - Another day. Another destination.
Explore hidden treasures every day; share your adventures in the evening with fellow sailors.
Life on flotilla is a holiday that just gets better every day.
Flotilla sailing holidays allow you to enjoy the independence of sailing your very own yacht from port to port during the day, but you also get to choose between pleasant evenings in the warm company of your fellow sailors, or spending them peacefully on your own deck.
On arrival
The Neilson Team will be there to greet you on arrival and show you to your yacht. Your lead crew will then join you on board to answer any questions you may have, show you where everything is and just check that everything is ship shape.
The remainder of the afternoon and evening is then yours to spend as you wish - enjoy a refreshing drink on deck, get to know some of your fellow sailors, explore the local area or stock up on any additional provisioning you require. You are then fully prepared for the start of your adventure the following day.
A day in the life…
As the morning sun peeps over your bow, your lead crew will join you for a chat about the day ahead, confirming the evening’s destination together with some great places to explore and idyllic lunch stops. Then as soon as everything’s ready, you’re free to slip your lines and set sail.
It’s entirely up to you and your crew how you reach your destination. You may want to race there before everybody else or meander there, anchoring for a lunch break and swim in a secluded bay. With the yacht to yourself, the day is yours to enjoy as you please. And if you wish to hook up with other parties on your flotilla they’re just a VHF radio call away - as is your lead crew, in case you need any help or advice.
As the afternoon drifts into evening and you glide into port, your lead crew will be waiting ashore to help you into your mooring, catch your lines and point out the location of shower facilities, bars and tavernas at your latest destination.
As the sun sets, you can settle in at one of the local tavernas, swapping stories with your fellow sailors over a bottle of wine and a hearty local meal. Of course, if all that sailing and sightseeing has taken it out of you, you can simply stay on your yacht and cook a meal in your own galley. That’s the beauty of flotilla holidays.
Your Yachting Experience
Our flotilla holidays in Greece and Croatia flotilla holidays require varying levels of confidence and experience due to the different routes and wind conditions in each area. It is important you select the right area for your party to ensure your safety and enjoyment.
The minimum experience we require on a flotilla holiday is that at least two people aboard each yacht are aged 18 years or over and must have had several day's active experience in charge of a yacht.
If this level of experience cannot be satisfied a Stay and Sail holiday, coupled with an Introduction to Yachting or Brush Up training course should be completed
Skippered Charter
If you want to regain your confidence afloat or just share the beginning of your flotilla with a like-minded sailor then you can pre book a member of the Neilson yacht team to join you on a skippered charter. They will spend the day with you, sailing from one place to another before retiring to the lead boat in the evening, allowing your party the privacy to enjoy some time alone. This option is available for one to three days for a supplement of £100 per yacht per day.
Please note, this option is not suitable for beginners who should complete an Introduction to Yachting course.
Bareboat Charter
Our Bareboat sailing holidays gives more experienced sailors the freedom to sail where, when and however they please. No itinerary, no set routes and no one to bother you. Bareboat holidays are the ultimate getaway.
Plot your own route around the many picturesque bays, lively little harbour towns and fishing villages scattered about the coastlines of our huge sailing areas. Spend as long as you like at any stop, return to your favourite places over and over, or keep on the move to discover something new around every point.
Of course, since you’re with Neilson you’ll still have the benefit of our expertise. Before you depart, our bareboat co-ordinator will go through the route you’ve planned, pointing out the highlights of your journey. And it’s always worth picking their brains, because they often have a nugget of advice that could really make your holiday. And naturally, they’ll also call or text you each morning to pass on weather conditions and check that everything on the yacht is as it should be.
All of our Bareboat holidays are provided with the following:
• Full tanks of diesel, water and gas
• Marine insurance
• Flights and transfers
• Comprehensive tools and spares
• A quick fix manual for everyday repair and maintenance
• Handheld GPS
• Additional charts and pilot book
• Mobile phone and charger
• Extra warps
• Starter pack
• No damage waiver or deposit to pay
Bareboat Holidays support Includes:
• A dedicated bareboat co-ordinator
• A full skipper and engineer’s briefing
• Details of all flotilla routes, staff and contact numbers
Experience Levels
When booking bareboat holidaywe ask that at least two people aboard are aged 18 years or over and have plenty of sailing knowledge and experience, having been in charge of a sailing vessel for several cruises, possibly on previous flotilla holidays. Both must be comfortable sailing in a range of conditions. If this level of experience cannot be satisfied, a flotilla holiday may be more appropriate.
Sail Training Courses
Yacht Training Courses
It’s not as hard as you might imagine to pick up the skills to navigate a yacht around the Mediterranean coastline. With our tried and tested courses and fantastic yacht trainers, you will be sailing with confidence in no time at all. We offer a number of courses to suit all ages and abilities.
Introduction to Yachting - four days
A course designed to be fun but informative, equipping complete beginners with the knowledge and skills necessary to skipper their own yacht on flotilla.
The syllabus we follow is based on the RYA Keelboat Level 2 certificate. After having completed the course, followed by a second week on flotilla, most new sailors will be awarded their RYA Level 2 certificate.
The skills needed can be learnt in four days with tuition from our Royal Yachting Association qualified instructors. Whilst covering the necessary manoeuvres you will be hopping from pontoon to quayside to bay to harbour. Occasionally stopping for picnics, taverna lunches or swimming, there will be time to digest all that you are learning at a relaxed but steady pace.
A maximum of five guests will train per yacht with an instructor.
At the end of your course you’ll feel confident and competent enough to skipper your own yacht within a flotilla environment. Your lead crew will be aware of your training and will be on hand to offer their full support during your week afloat.
Brush-Up Course - two days
Ideal for those with a basic or fading knowledge of sailing, or experienced dinghy sailors looking to make the step to big boat sailing. This course is tailored around your existing experience and looks to build your ability to sail confidently once more. You will spend two days with one of our RYA instructors who will assist you in practising and reviewing the skills you wish to improve.
The Brush-Up course can also be suitable for confident, advanced dinghy sailors who sail regularly at a high level. This course enables you to transfer your well-practised dinghy skills onto a larger class of boat. Beginner or intermediate dinghy sailors should book the Introduction to Yachting course.
Private Courses - Ideal for Families
Our Private Introduction to Yachting and Brush-Up courses are designed for groups or families who wish to learn together, on the same yacht, up to a maximum of five people. The course content is the same as detailed previously but you are guaranteed to be learning as one group without having to share your training yacht with another party.
The added advantage of a private course is that we can welcome 13 to 15 year olds aboard when accompanied by a parent. Younger sailors will relish the opportunity to learn with their family as a forerunner to the flotilla week of their holiday.
Private courses are priced per yacht at four times the cost of the individual course.
One Week Learn to Sail
If you can only get away on holiday for one week or spending two weeks learning to sail is not an option for you, then our One week Learn to Sail holiday is a perfect solution - half the week will be spent at one of our yacht bases living on your yacht whilst learning to sail on the Introduction to Yachting course. For the second part of the week, you will join your fellow sailors on flotilla.
Sailing Holidays
Sailing Holidays are great for those who like to remain active on their vacation.
Techniques
Here you will find articles on a variety of different sailing techniques
Plans to drop cats as a youth class
The RYA has recently made submissions to ISAF to remove the catamaran as a youth boat for 2009, and to remove the catamaran as an Olympic boat for 2012.
These submissions by the RYA were made without any consultation with the sailing community. We request that the submissions are withdrawn before the ISAF conference in early November and replaced by alternative submissions which support the use of catamarans both in future Olympics (2012 and beyond) and for youth training.
CATAMARANS OUT OF OLYMPICS
Amazingly the ISAF Council voted the Multihull out after the Events Committee had recommended that the cats stay in.
starter Boat for 7 year old
My sister wants to get her seven year old into sailing, the Oppi would seem to be the obvious choice but waht about some of the newer designs like Tera, Taz, Open etc ?
Dinghy Sailing in the Midlands
OK a bit cold this time of year
, but I am looking for ideaas for presents for my partner.
Sailing Holidays
Ok help required, girl friend just arrived home for pile of holiday brochures. Usual girlie things of lying on the beach. I really want to do a sailing holiday, try out some new boats etc, can anyone help with experiences of Sunsail type holidays ?
New to Dinghy Sailing
I am looking to start Dinghy Sailing in the new year, will I learn anything by going to the boat show ?, or are there any good sailing magazines to read ?
Catamaran Sailing
Is catamaran sailing better than dinghy sailing?
Yacht Charter
Although I love dinghy sailing, thought I would try some yachting. Some friends are looking at bareboat charter.
Laser 4.7, Radial or Laser Standard
Thinking about a new sailing dinghy after my Topper Lasers seem to be the most popular, but am I best with 4.7 or Radial, what about the Olympic one
Sailing in Spain
Where is the best place for sailing in Spain
BBC Sport Personality of Year
Very disappointing not to see any sailors or any sailing action covered on last night's awards. Plenty of successes this year
Sailing Videos
We have now included videos of sailing action, these can be found at
Winter Sailing Clothing
Gosh wasn't it cold this weekend, my hands were really frozen, any ideas of the best winter sailing gloves ?
NEW Boats for Sale and Gear For Sale Section
SailRacer now has a new For Sale section, here you will find 000s of items For Sale
You can advertsie for FREE, now is the time of year to clear out your garage of all those unused sailing items. There are sections for Boats, Sails, Gear, Clothing, Trailers and TrolleysResults RSS Feed
Yes we can provide RSS results feeds for use on other sites. This gives you the lates results automatically on your site
I always dream about returning to the past
I always dream about returning to the past. As many people say,
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I always dream about returning to the past.
The population of the earth is increasing fast
The population of the earth is increasing very fast. Humans must make the earth support the increasing population, This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry to develop rapidly.
Such a rapid development produces more and ,WoW Gold, which goes into the water, the soil and the air. Some of it is made harmless. However, where there World Of Warcraft Gold is too much of it, the poisonous waste may do great harm to the things around the people.
When farmers add fertilizer to the soil to make plants grow better, or use poison to kill pests, poison is sent into , WoW Power Leveling, the water and the soil. When birds, fish and people eat the grain, drink the water or breath the air, harm will be done to their health.
The air in big cities , WoW Power Leveling, is often made very dirty by cars and factories. Millions of tons of waste and poisonous gases are sent into the air with the smoke. In some places, little is done to make the smok, WoW Power Leveling, clean before it goes into the air.
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Air pollution comes from factories, World Of Warcraft Gold, power stations and cars. Chemicals in the smoke from power stations cause a lot of damage. They can travel hundreds of miles in the wind before falling to the ground in the rain. But this "chemical rain" gradually destroys trees, in the forests and kills fish in the lakes. how are you In G ermany, over 50% of the country＇s trees had been damaged by the year 1986.
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The population of the earth is increasing fast
Portsmouth Yardstick Scheme – what is it?
The PYS is set of guidelines and recommendations from the RYA to help clubs provide its members with fairer racing. It allows boats of difference types and performances to race together using some basic configuration denominators. Part of the recommendations published by the RYA include the Portsmouth Number list which gives allocates numbers to boats dependant on the amount of data received, which in turn gives clubs different levels of confidence when using those numbers. The scheme runs entirely on club data and without the club data the numbers published by the RYA become less meaningful.
Why have the RYA decided to launch a race results
In the past, the RYA have asked clubs to send in their data at the end of every year. The data captured is limited and often open to subjectivity and goes through little validation by the RYA before being used in the statistical number crunching. After a very detailed review of the PYS by the RYA, it was highlighted that the data been captured by the RYA was become less and less meaningful, which was being reflected in the declining amount of returns being received by the RYA.
By launching the RYA Race results website, in collaboration with Simon Lovesey and SailRacer, the RYA are starting to increase the accuracy and meaningfulness of the data being collected by going straight to the source; individual race results. By asking clubs to upload their race results, the RYA are getting raw race data. The raw race data is also being subjected to an analysis in accordance with the RYA guidelines, which again increases the accuracy of the data being returned.
In summary, the RYA hope to collect more data, which is more meaningful to clubs as well as nationally, and start to increase the sailing publics confidence in the system and the numbers published by the RYA.
Benchmarking – why have I never heard of it befo
The term benchmarking is a new concept which the RYA have launched as part of the website initiative. However the overall concept has been instilled in the PYS pretty much since its conception over 50 years ago by using the term “yardstick”. Traditionally the advice given by the RYA was to find a known performer within a fleet of boats, a yardstick, against which other boats could be assessed to. The yardstick was very often a reliable boat and the RYA recommendations showed that clubs should ideally look to use either a Primary Yardstick or a Secondary Yardstick against which to carry out the fleet assessment.
However, as the number of types of boats increased and as the PYS branched out to cater for the Cruising side of club racing, some clubs were left without either a PY or SY to adjust against, or in some cases any boat that had a published number in the PN list.
To counter this the website has benefitted from a slight change in the system where instead of asking the club to pick a PY or SY for the assessment, it now looks known performers within the fleet. For example, a single Laser, whilst being a very stable PY, may not be the best boat to assess against as it is only one boat and as a single hander is open to wider performance changes. Therefore a club may wish to consider using an RS 400 for example, which as a SY would not be chosen under the old scheme. The website will also cater for those fleets without any boats published on the PN list as it will pick and recommend benchmarks to the club based on results. The club can always override the suggested benchmarks if it so chooses.
For more on the Benchmarking concept, please refer either to the Website Manual or contact the RYA Technical office.
Why does my club need to adjust numbers?
The PN list published by the RYA is a guidance list to clubs. The advice given by the RYA has always been such that if the Portsmouth Numbers as published do not work for your club, then that club SHOULD change those numbers to ensure fair racing. Any clubs should always be careful when changing numbers to make sure that they are not adjusting a single person (crew skill factor) rather than the performance of the boat. Also to make sure that any data that it bases that adjustment on is considered and fair. Ideally a club should not adjust numbers after only 2 races in similar conditions etc, as well as taking into account local factors such as tidal gates and depth issues.
IT is only by adjusting those numbers that a club will start to get more meaningful results from the website which can then in turn be put back into the club racing system.
Suggestions
Hi guys (Simon/Bas), havent heard from you for a while. Still uploading all of our data. Just wondering if you had got anywhere with the previous suggestion of a page of pn returns visible for people that dont have access to all the data (visitors to the site if you like), and perhaps make it so you can see what other clubs are getting from their returns.
Chris
Combining Classes
Ian,
How do I import the race data?
Roger,
Chris
Problem with Race Dates
Using Sailwave, I've combined all the results from every series (some 40 races) and purged any duplicates, etc. and uploaded the file via Sailwave to the site.
When I try to import each race file I get the 'Enter Race Date' message. No matter what I try it gets rejected. The error messages shows any date either entered or chosen from the Calendar as 1/12/2010 for example 1-DEC-2009=1/12/2010.
I've tried to confuse the transformation by a date combination that might give me 12/1/2010 but with no success.
The dates of the races do not matter, but each race does need manual changes before benchmarking.
How do I get around this??
Barry McGibbon
Lyme Regis Sailing Club
Mods to Suggested Handicaps Page
Hi Simon,
Sailwave export to PYS
I'm not sure if this is a Sailwave or PYS query but here goes:
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title=Blue
pic=File:Color icon blue v2.svg
wavelength=440–490
frequency=~680–610
symbolism=ice, water, sky, sadness, winter, Royal family
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magic, Truth
trueness (taken from the fact that the sky is blue in its constancy, i.e.: 'true blue', the sky is unwaveringly blue on a clear day), Conservatism
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hex=0000FF
textcolor=white
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r=0
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c=Not
m=possible
y=in
k=CMYK
h=240
s=100
v=100
source=Web colors#HTML color names
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The sky and water often appear blue The modern English word ''blue'' comes from Middle English ''bleu'' or ''blewe'', from Old French ''bleu'', ''bleve'', ''blöe'', a word of Germanic language
Germanic origin (Old Frankish
Frankish or possibly Old High German ''blao'', "blue"). ''Bleu'' replaced Old English ''blaw'' "blue" and ''bl?wen'' "light blue". The root of all these variations is Proto-Germanic ''bl?waz'', from Proto-Indo-European *''bhlaw-, *bhlew-'' "light-coloured, yellow, grey, blue", from *''bhel-'' "to shine, be light or bright", also the root of Old Norse ''blar'' and the modern Icelandic language
Icelandic ''blár'', and the North Germanic languages
Scandinavian word ''blĺ'', which can also refer to other non blue colours. <!-- It can also be green or orange occasionally (blue). --> A Scots language
Scots and Scottish English word for "blue-grey" is ''blae'', from the Middle English ''bla'' ("dark blue", from Old Norse ''blar''). Also related is the English word ''blee'' meaning "colour, complexion". Ancient Greek lacked a word for blue and Homer called the colour of the sea "wine dark", except that the word ''kyanos'' (cyan) was used for dark blue enamel. As a curiosity, ''blue'' is thought to be cognate with ''blond'', ''wikt:blank
blank'' and ''black'' through the Germanic word. Through a Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European root, it is also linked with Latin ''flavus'' ("yellow"; see ''flavescent'' and ''flavine''), with Greek ''phalos'' (white), French ''blanc'' (white, blank) (borrowed from Old Frankish language
Old Frankish), and with Russian ?????, ''belyi'' ("white," see ''Beluga (whale)
beluga''), and Welsh ''blawr'' (grey) all of which derive (according to the ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
American Heritage Dictionary'') from the Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European Root (linguistics)
root ''*bhel-'' meaning "to shine, flash or burn", (more specifically the word bhle-was, which meant light coloured, blue, blond, or yellow), whence came the names of various bright colours, and that of colour black from a derivation meaning "burnt" (other words derived from the root ''*bhel-'' include ''bleach, ''bleak'', ''blind'', ''blink'', ''blank'', ''blush'', ''blaze'', ''flame'', ''fulminate'', ''flagrant'' and ''phlegm''). In the English language, blue may refer to the feeling of sadness. "He was feeling blue". This is because blue was related to rain, or storms, and in Greek mythology, the god Zeus would make rain when he was sad (crying), and a storm when he was angry. ''Kyanos'' was a name used in Ancient Greek to refer to ''dark blue tile'' (in English it means blue-green or cyan).<ref>''Merriam-Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary'' Springfield, Mass.:1984--Merriam-Webster Page 319</ref> The phrase "feeling blue" is linked also to a custom among many old deepwater sailing ships. If the ship lost the captain or any of the officers during its voyage, she would fly blue flags and have a blue band painted along her entire hull when returning to home port.<ref>[http://www.navy.mil/navydata/traditions/html/navyterm.html#feelblue "US Navy - origins of Navy Terminology"]</ref> Many languages do not have Distinguishing blue from green in language
separate terms for blue and or green, instead using a cover term for both (when the issue is discussed in linguistics, this cover term is sometimes called ''Grue and bleen
grue'' in English). ==In science== ===Pigments=== Traditionally, blue has been considered a primary colour in painting, with the secondary colour orange (colour)
orange as its complement. Blue pigments include azurite ({{chem
Cu
3
(CO
3
)
2
(OH)
2
)}}, ultramarine ({{chem
Na<sub>8-10</sub>
Al
6
Si
6
O
24
S<sub>2-4</sub>}}), cerulean blue (primarily cobalt (II) stanate: {{chem
Co
2
SnO
4}}), cobalt blue (cobalt(II) aluminate: {{chem
CoAl
2
O
4}}), and Prussian blue (milori blue: primarily {{chem
Fe
7
(CN)
18}}). ===Scientific natural standards for blue=== * Emission spectrum of {{chem
link=Copper
Cu
2+}} * Electronic spectrum of aqua-ions {{chem
Cu(H
2
O)
5
2+}} ===Animals=== File:Dendrobates azureus (Dendrobates tinctorius) Edit.jpg
left
thumb
alt=A blue frog with black spots sits on a green leaf.
''Dendrobates azureus'' File:Cyanocitta cristata blue jay.jpg
thumb
alt=A blue and white bird, with a crest on its head.
Blue Jay *When an animal's coat is described as "blue", it usually refers to a shade of grey that takes on a bluish tint, a diluted variant of a pure black coat.{{Citation needed
date=October 2007}} This designation is used for a variety of animals, including coat (dog)
dog coats, some rat coats, cat coat genetics
cat coats, some chicken breeds, some equine coat color
horse coat colours and rabbit coat colours. Some animals, such as giraffes and lizards, also have blue tongues. ==In culture== ===Symbolic language=== * In the English language, blue often represents the human emotion of sadness, e.g. "He was feeling blue". In German, on the other hand, to be "blue" (''blau sein'') is to be drunk. This derives from the ancient use of urine (which is produced copiously by the human body after drinking alcohol) in dyeing cloth blue with woad or indigo.<ref>Heller, Eva. ''Wie Farben wirken: Farbpsychologie, Farbsymbolik, kreative Farbgestaltung''. Berlin: Rowohlt, 2004.</ref> It may also be in relation to rain, which is usually regarded as a trigger of depressive emotions.<ref>[http://www.theweatherprediction.com/habyhints2/469/ Top 10 weather complaints]</ref> *Conversely blue, a very popular colour<ref>[http://www.joehallock.com/edu/COM498/preferences.html Preferences - Favorite Color]</ref> can represent happiness and optimism<ref>[http://www.precisionintermedia.com/color.html Psychology of Color]</ref> as days with clearer, blue skies tend to be considered times where these emotions are more easily expressed. Many artistic contributions have been made referencing clear days with blue skies as part of the happiness or as a symbolism of the happiness the artist felt, such as Tony Bennett's Put on a Happy Face.<ref>[http://www.stlyrics.com/lyrics/byebyebirdie/putonahappyface.htm "Put on a Happy Face" lyrics]</ref> If this were untrue there would obviously be more complaints about days with clear blue skies. *Blue is commonly used in the Western hemisphere to symbolize the male gender in contrast to pink used for females. ===National colours=== File:Flag of Greece.svg
thumb
alt=A flag with a field of blue and white stripes; in the upper left corner is a white cross on a blue field.
Flag of Greece File:Coat of arms of Israel.svg
thumb
alt=A white menorah on a blue field. It is surrounded by white laurels, and at the bottom is the word "Israel" written in Hebrew.
right
Coat of Arms symbol of Israel * ''Azure (color)
Azzurro'', a light blue, is the national colour of Italy (from the livery colour of the former reigning family, the House of Savoy). * Blue is the national sports colour for India, as it denotes secularism.{{Citation needed
date=June 2009}} * Blue is the national colour used on flags of several countries surrounded by seas or oceans such as Australia and Flag of Europe
Europe, though not necessarily with this interpretation in mind. * Blue and white are the national colours of Scotland, Argentina, El Salvador, Finland, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Federated States of Micronesia
Micronesia, Nicaragua, and Somalia as well as of the United Nations using a light shade of blue symbolising peace. * Blue and yellow are the national colours of Barbados, Kazakhstan, Palau, Sweden, and Ukraine, and along with green, of Brazil, and along with red, of Chad, Colombia, Ecuador, Moldova, Romania, and Venezuela. * Blue, white and yellow are the national colours of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Uruguay. * Blue and red are the national colours of Haiti and Liechtenstein, and (along with white) of Australia, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Chile, Croatia, Cuba, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, France, Iceland, North Korea, Laos, Liberia, Luxembourg, Myanmar, Nepal, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Russia, Samoa, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States * Blue, white and black are the national colours of Estonia.<ref>"Estonia in brief: National Symbols" at Estonica website [http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?kateg=73&menyy_id=779&alam=85&leht=1 Estonica.org]</ref> ===Mysticism=== * In Hinduism, Blue is used to symbolically represent the fifth, throat chakra (Vishuddha).<ref>Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. ISBN 1-894663-49-7 pg. 24</ref> ===Politics=== {{main
Political colour}} {{Unreferenced section
date=October 2007}} * The Blue House is the residence of the President of South Korea<ref>{{cite
url = http://english.president.go.kr/tours/place_buildings/main_office.php
title = Cheong Wa Dae / The Blue House
quote = The Main Building and its two annexes are covered with a total of 150,000 traditional Korean blue roof tiles (hence, the name "Blue House" is also commonly used when referring to Cheongwadae). }}</ref>. * Blue has been associated with a variety of political positions, often differentiated from Communism
communist red or anarchism
anarchist black. During the War in the Vendée
revolt in the Vendée against the French Revolution, blues stood for the revolutionary forces, and white for the counter-revolutionaries. Later movements like the Breton blues used the colour to signify allegiance to the ideals of the revolution. * The blueshirts was a quasi-fascist political organisation active in Ireland during the 1930s (the name comes from the fact that St. Patrick's Blue is one of the traditional colours of Ireland). * Blue is the colour of the Conservative Party (UK)
Conservative Party in Britain and Conservative Party of Canada. In the United States it has become fashionable since the 2000 presidential election to link the Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party as "blue" and the Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party as "red" (especially in reference to "red states and blue states"). In Brazil, blue states are the ones in which the Brazilian Social Democratic Party
Social Democratic Party has the majority, in opposition to the Workers' Party (Brazil)
Workers' Party, usually represented by red. File:Western Wall - by Jacob Rask.jpg
thumb
alt=A man wearing a white robe with blue stripes stands in front of a stone wall.
Blue stripes on a traditional Jewish tallit. ===Religion=== * Blue is associated in Christianity generally and Catholicism in particular, with the Virgin Mary. * Blue in Hinduism: Many of the gods are depicted as having blue-coloured skin, particularly those associated with Vishnu, who is said to be the Preserver of the world and thus intimately connected to water. Krishna and Rama
Ram, Vishnu's avatars, are usually blue. Shiva, the Destroyer, is also depicted in light blue tones and is called ''neela kantha'', or blue-throated, for having swallowed poison in an attempt to turn the tide of a battle between the gods and demons in the gods' favour. * Blue in Judaism: In the Torah,<ref> Book of Numbers
Numbers 15:38.</ref> the Israelites were commanded to put fringes, ''tzitzit'', on the corners of their garments, and to weave within these fringes a "twisted thread of blue (''tekhelet'')".<ref>[http://www.tekhelet.com Tekhelet.com], the Ptil Tekhelet Organization</ref> In ancient days, this blue thread was made from a dye extracted from a Mediterranean snail called the ''hilazon''. Maimonides claimed that this blue was the colour of "the clear noonday sky"; Rashi, the colour of the evening sky.<ref> ''Mishneh Torah'', ''Tzitzit'' 2:1; Commentary on Numbers 15:38.</ref> According to several rabbinic sages, blue is the colour of God's Glory.<ref> ''Numbers Rabbah'' 14:3; ''Hullin'' 89a.</ref> Staring at this colour aids in mediation, bringing us a glimpse of the "pavement of sapphire, like the very sky for purity", which is a likeness of the Throne of God.<ref> Book of Exodus
Exodus 24:10; Ezekiel 1:26; ''Hullin'' 89a.</ref> (The Hebrew language
Hebrew word for glory.) Many items in the ''Mishkan'', the portable sanctuary in the wilderness, such as the ''Menorah (Temple)
menorah'', many of the vessels, and the Ark of the Covenant, were covered with blue cloth when transported from place to place.<ref> Book of Numbers
Numbers 4:6-12.</ref> * Blue in Islam: In verse Ta-Ha
20:102 of the Qur’an, the word ??? ''zurq'' (plural of ''azraq'' 'blue') is used metaphorically for evildoers whose eyes are glazed with fear, as if the sclera is filmed over with a bluish tint. ===Symbolism=== * In Thailand, blue is associated with Friday on the Thai solar calendar. Anyone may wear blue on Fridays and anyone born on a Friday may adopt blue as their colour. The Thai language, however, is one that has had trouble distinguishing blue from green. The default word for Blue was recently ????????? literally, the colour of silver, a poetical reference to the silvery sheen of the deep blue sea. It now means Navy Blue, and the default word is now ????? literally, the colour of the sky.<ref> {{cite web
author=Glenn Slayden
url=http://www.thai-language.com/dict/
title= Thai language
publisher=thai-language.com
date=
accessdate=2009-04-14}} <!-- Bot generated title --></ref> ==Variations== Please see the article variations of blue. ==See also== {{wiktionarypar
blue}} {{commonscat
blue}} * Blue Flag * Blue movie * Blue ribbon * Blue Screen of Death * Distinguishing "blue" from "green" in language * Engineer's blue * Lapis lazuli, a blue stone * List of colours * Non-photo blue * St. Patrick's Blue * ''Three Colors: Blue'', a film * Turquoise * Variations of blue ==References== {{reflist
2}} {{EMSpectrum}} {{web colours
colour}} {{Shades of blue}} {{Color topics}} Category:Optical spectrum Category:Symbols of California Category:Shades of blue Category: Color af:Blou ang:Bleoh ar:???? an:Azul arc:???? ast:Azul gn:Hovy ay:Larama az:Göy (r?ng) zh-min-nan:Nâ-sek map-bms:Biru be:???? ????? bo:???????? bs:Plava bg:??? ???? ca:Blau cs:Modrá cy:Glas da:Blĺ pdc:Bloh de:Blau et:Sinine el:?p?e myv:???? es:Azul eo:Blua eu:Urdin fa:??? fr:Bleu ga:Gorm gl:Azul gan:? hak:Lŕm-set ko:?? hi:???? hr:Plava id:Biru is:Blár it:Blu he:???? jv:Biru kn:???? pam:Iro ka:????? ???? kg:Bule ht:Ble (koulč) ku:Sîn, reng lad:Mavi la:Caeruleus lv:Zila krasa lb:Blo lt:Melyna ln:Bozinga hu:Kék mk:???? ???? ml:??? mt:Ikhal mr:???? ms:Biru nah:Texohtic nl:Blauw new:??? ja:? ce:????? frr:Ween no:Blĺ nn:Blĺ nrm:Bliu pnb:???? nds:Blau pl:Barwa niebieska pt:Azul ro:Albastru qu:Anqas ru:????? ???? sa:??? sco:Blue stq:Blau sq:Ngjyra vjollcë e kaltër simple:Blue sk:Modrá sl:Modra so:Baluug sr:????? ???? sh:Plavo su:Paul fi:Sininen sv:Blĺ tl:Bughaw ta:????? te:????? th:????????? tg:????? tr:Mavi uk:????? ????? ur:???? ug:??? ??? vec:Blu vi:Xanh lam fiu-vro:Sinine war:Muyâ wo:Baxa yi:???? zh-yue:? bat-smg:Mielena zh:??