RYA Tactics
The perfect Tactical xmas present for your helm or crew
Personally signed by the author
RYA Tactics by Mark Rushall sheds a new light on the complexities of sailboat racing. No other sport requires the combination of so many elements – preparation, strategy, speed, tuning and most importantly tactics. However, it’s good tactics which can so often be that elusive missing skill.
As one of the sports top tacticians and coaches, and 2006 RYA Squad Coach of the Year, Mark’s book will help you sail better and improve your results. With easy to follow and logical diagrams, this book breaks new ground in presenting this essential and complex element of our sport.
“Covering almost every conceivable tactical situation, the book is a real tour de force by Rushall….yet comprises one of the easiest to read tactical situation books we have come across.” The Daily Sail, 1 May 07
“This book has come about from years of sailing and coaching at the highest level by an extremely analytical person. Mark …. is one of those annoying people who learnt from every sailing / coaching experience and has built an extensive memory bank of tactical scenarios and understanding.”
Chips Howarth, Fireball World Champion 2005
Tactics is the most comprehensive and accessible guide to racing yet. Providing an awesome and unique insight of sailboat tactics, it breaks down the race to tell you exactly what to think about, how and when to do it, and most importantly, why you should be doing it! No matter what your level of racing experience, you’ll have something to learn from Mark Rushall….”
Georgie Corlett, Editor, Dinghy Sailing Magazine
Start your 2008 season ready prepared and don’t go afloat without having read RYA Tactics.
Order your personally signed copy from www.rushall.net or for UK delivery send a cheque for £16 including P&P to:
Mark Rushall Tactics
Watermark Offices, 8 Lumley Gardens, Lumley Road, Emsworth, Hants, PO10 8AG, UK
International orders – please email tactics@rushall.net and postage rates will be advised.
Also available from www.rya.org.uk and most leading chandleries and book stores.
ENDS
Dinghy Sailing
On a Neilson dinghy sailing holiday, everyone is welcome, from complete beginners to enthusiastic improvers and accomplished experts looking for sunshine and the best conditions. Our approach to dinghy sailing tuition, and the type and quantity of equipment varies from club to club, ensuring that whatever your needs we have a holiday to suit your requirements perfectly.
Sailing means many things to different people. Some like to potter around over crystal clear waters while others crave the excitement of zooming across the waves on a high performance skiff.
Whatever your level of experience, the sense of freedom that comes from sailing is hard to beat. We offer the best boats, instructors and sailing areas together with free RYA training courses, enabling you to step aboard and take advantage of our 25 years of sailing experience.
Dinghy Sailing Tuition
National Sailing Scheme
We work closely with the RYA in developing the National Sailing Scheme. This progressive approach to tuition provides a tried-and-tested way to learn to sail. Holidays shouldn’t feel like school, so we endeavour to make everything from your first taster to high performance race techniques, as much fun as possible!
Start Sailing - Level 1
Great for those new to learn to sail holidays, Level 1 provides a comprehensive introduction to dinghy sailing. It is designed to get you on the water using modern, single-handed dinghies and requires no previous experience.
The course covers a wide variety of skills to enable you to sail confidently such as; wind awareness, rigging basics, knots and sailing theory.
Start Sailing is available in all of our centres.
Basic Skills - Level 2
Level 2 aims to fine-tune the skills and boat handling manoeuvres learnt at Level 1. The course sets out the foundations of sailing with the aim of producing competent light wind sailors who are able to sail and make informed decisions in good conditions.
You can expect to learn more advanced techniques in a variety of craft including; rigging according to weather conditions, coming alongside a moored boat, capsize recovery and essential safety background.
Try Finikounda – Great for the progressing beginner. Holiday sailing at it’s best!
Seamanship Skills
Moving on from Basic Skills, the main focus of this course is fine-tuning skills already learnt and boat handling manoeuvres, whilst increasing your self-reliance and decision making skills.
Day Sailing
We are able to endorse most sections of this course, enabling competent sailors to confidently plan and execute a safe day cruise, aspects covered include pilotage, interpretation of charts and use of GPS.
Finikounda is the main place to go for day sailing.
Sailing with Spinnakers
Sailing with Spinnakers teaches you how to sail a dinghy rigged with an asymmetric or symmetric spinnaker and some trapezing.
Try Porto Heli for a fantastic destination for a sailing holiday with tuition.
Start Racing
You will learn to race a variety of craft from single handers to performance boats. The aim is to gain a good understanding of the rules and techniques of racing, including the course and starting sequence, boat preparation, tactics and racing rules.
Performance Sailing
This is an advanced course for experienced sailors using high performance craft and covers a range of sessions including rigging, tuning, teamwork, trapezing, hiking, tacking and downwind sailing.
Porto Heli is the ideal place for performance sailing.
Dinghy Sailing Equipment
Advances in design and technology have continued to make dinghy sailing easier and more enjoyable than ever before. We've selected tghe best craft from leading British manufacturers Laser and RS, equipping our clubs with a range of kit to suit local wind and conditions.
Laser Funboats
Stable, safe and fun! Perfect for children. Available in all centres except Dahab
Laser Pico
A perfect beginners’ boat with easy-to-use controls. Available in all centres
Laser 1
The classic Olympic class single hander. Exciting sailing. Available in all centres except Vassiliki
Laser 2000
A popular boat for families and friends looking for a stable hull but no shortage of features.
Available in Halkidiki, Sivota, Ortakent, Finikounda and Porto Heli,
Laser 3000
A performance machine ideally suited to teenagers and lighter crews. Fast action with a spinnaker and trapeze. Available in Finikounda
Laser Bahia
A stable and spacious cockpit with space for up to 5 adults, together with a light hull and large gennaker makes a great day sail and cruising boat, with a performance edge.
Available in Lemnos and Lesvos
Laser 4000
Serious fun in the fast lane. A high performance skiff with adjustable racks and a large sail area. With tuition and practice, the 4000 flies. Available in Finikounda and Porto Heli
Laser Stratos
A good size family cruiser, the Stratos is ideal for day sailing, combining stability and performance features.Available in Lemnos, Lesvos, Halkidiki, Finikounda and Porto Heli
Laser Vago XD
Unmatched handling, versatility and exhilarating performance are harnessed by Laser in a unique modern design with high spec sails and trapeze. Available in Lemnos, Lesvos and Dahab
Dart 16
A popular catamaran equally at home pottering around on a day sail or on a trapezing joyride. The Dart 16 is a firm favourite in our centres. Available in all centres
Optimist
The definitive youth racer, the Optimist has traditionally been the first step on the road to success for competitive young sailors. Available in Porto Heli and Finikounda
RS Feva
A versatile dinghy, introducing several advanced features on a user friendly craft suited to younger sailors.Available in Finikounda, Porto Heli, Lemnos and Lesvos
RS 200
An easy to sail dinghy that brings the excitement of asymmetric sailing to everybody, including lighter sailors and youngsters. Available in Porto Heli
RS 400
LDC’s modern classic, a hiking asymmetric. The ultimate choice for the ambitious improver.
Available in Porto Heli
RS 500
Exciting performance with a simple user friendly layout and easy handling.Available in Porto Heli
RS 800
An exciting high performance skiff with twin trapeze that is remarkably easy for competent sailors to master.Available in Porto Heli and Finikounda
29er
A fast, exciting ride, the 29er is a high performance boat ideally suited to light weight sailors and youth racing.Available in Porto Heli
Children and Sailing Holidays
Hot Shots provides RYA tuition for 8-12 year olds whilst Starfish, Sea Urchins, Surfbusters and Sharksters provide fun for younger children and those less inclined to get out on the water.
Hot Shots
The water based activity club, for those that want it all: sailing, windsurfing, kayaking, snorkelling and plenty of sunshine, Hot Shots is the place to be.
Our fully qualified instructors help your youngsters master new skills and get first timers confident in no time at all. In-fact all our RYA qualified instructors will help your Hot Shots improve quickly, with the RYA Youth Sailing Awards, available to those who want to prove their skills.
When not out on the water, Hot Shots enjoy loads of land-based activities and making new friends has never been easier.
If your children are particularly interested in dinghy sailing, they will benefit from choosing a resort that specialises in that particular activity, such as Porto Heli
Hot Shots is open to all children ages 8-12 years and is available for a supplement of £80-£150 per week with the second week half price.
Where to go
Hot Shots is avilable in Lemnos, Finikounda, Vassiliki, Porto Heli and Dahab.
When not in our clubs, children under the age of 13 are welcome to windsurf with their parents. Children must be 13 years or over before they can join the adult windsurfing programme.
Flotilla Holidays
Flotilla Holidays - Another day. Another destination.
Explore hidden treasures every day; share your adventures in the evening with fellow sailors.
Life on flotilla is a holiday that just gets better every day.
Flotilla sailing holidays allow you to enjoy the independence of sailing your very own yacht from port to port during the day, but you also get to choose between pleasant evenings in the warm company of your fellow sailors, or spending them peacefully on your own deck.
On arrival
The Neilson Team will be there to greet you on arrival and show you to your yacht. Your lead crew will then join you on board to answer any questions you may have, show you where everything is and just check that everything is ship shape.
The remainder of the afternoon and evening is then yours to spend as you wish - enjoy a refreshing drink on deck, get to know some of your fellow sailors, explore the local area or stock up on any additional provisioning you require. You are then fully prepared for the start of your adventure the following day.
A day in the life…
As the morning sun peeps over your bow, your lead crew will join you for a chat about the day ahead, confirming the evening’s destination together with some great places to explore and idyllic lunch stops. Then as soon as everything’s ready, you’re free to slip your lines and set sail.
It’s entirely up to you and your crew how you reach your destination. You may want to race there before everybody else or meander there, anchoring for a lunch break and swim in a secluded bay. With the yacht to yourself, the day is yours to enjoy as you please. And if you wish to hook up with other parties on your flotilla they’re just a VHF radio call away - as is your lead crew, in case you need any help or advice.
As the afternoon drifts into evening and you glide into port, your lead crew will be waiting ashore to help you into your mooring, catch your lines and point out the location of shower facilities, bars and tavernas at your latest destination.
As the sun sets, you can settle in at one of the local tavernas, swapping stories with your fellow sailors over a bottle of wine and a hearty local meal. Of course, if all that sailing and sightseeing has taken it out of you, you can simply stay on your yacht and cook a meal in your own galley. That’s the beauty of flotilla holidays.
Your Yachting Experience
Our flotilla holidays in Greece and Croatia flotilla holidays require varying levels of confidence and experience due to the different routes and wind conditions in each area. It is important you select the right area for your party to ensure your safety and enjoyment.
The minimum experience we require on a flotilla holiday is that at least two people aboard each yacht are aged 18 years or over and must have had several day's active experience in charge of a yacht.
If this level of experience cannot be satisfied a Stay and Sail holiday, coupled with an Introduction to Yachting or Brush Up training course should be completed
Skippered Charter
If you want to regain your confidence afloat or just share the beginning of your flotilla with a like-minded sailor then you can pre book a member of the Neilson yacht team to join you on a skippered charter. They will spend the day with you, sailing from one place to another before retiring to the lead boat in the evening, allowing your party the privacy to enjoy some time alone. This option is available for one to three days for a supplement of £100 per yacht per day.
Please note, this option is not suitable for beginners who should complete an Introduction to Yachting course.
Bareboat Charter
Our Bareboat sailing holidays gives more experienced sailors the freedom to sail where, when and however they please. No itinerary, no set routes and no one to bother you. Bareboat holidays are the ultimate getaway.
Plot your own route around the many picturesque bays, lively little harbour towns and fishing villages scattered about the coastlines of our huge sailing areas. Spend as long as you like at any stop, return to your favourite places over and over, or keep on the move to discover something new around every point.
Of course, since you’re with Neilson you’ll still have the benefit of our expertise. Before you depart, our bareboat co-ordinator will go through the route you’ve planned, pointing out the highlights of your journey. And it’s always worth picking their brains, because they often have a nugget of advice that could really make your holiday. And naturally, they’ll also call or text you each morning to pass on weather conditions and check that everything on the yacht is as it should be.
All of our Bareboat holidays are provided with the following:
• Full tanks of diesel, water and gas
• Marine insurance
• Flights and transfers
• Comprehensive tools and spares
• A quick fix manual for everyday repair and maintenance
• Handheld GPS
• Additional charts and pilot book
• Mobile phone and charger
• Extra warps
• Starter pack
• No damage waiver or deposit to pay
Bareboat Holidays support Includes:
• A dedicated bareboat co-ordinator
• A full skipper and engineer’s briefing
• Details of all flotilla routes, staff and contact numbers
Experience Levels
When booking bareboat holidaywe ask that at least two people aboard are aged 18 years or over and have plenty of sailing knowledge and experience, having been in charge of a sailing vessel for several cruises, possibly on previous flotilla holidays. Both must be comfortable sailing in a range of conditions. If this level of experience cannot be satisfied, a flotilla holiday may be more appropriate.
Sail Training Courses
Yacht Training Courses
It’s not as hard as you might imagine to pick up the skills to navigate a yacht around the Mediterranean coastline. With our tried and tested courses and fantastic yacht trainers, you will be sailing with confidence in no time at all. We offer a number of courses to suit all ages and abilities.
Introduction to Yachting - four days
A course designed to be fun but informative, equipping complete beginners with the knowledge and skills necessary to skipper their own yacht on flotilla.
The syllabus we follow is based on the RYA Keelboat Level 2 certificate. After having completed the course, followed by a second week on flotilla, most new sailors will be awarded their RYA Level 2 certificate.
The skills needed can be learnt in four days with tuition from our Royal Yachting Association qualified instructors. Whilst covering the necessary manoeuvres you will be hopping from pontoon to quayside to bay to harbour. Occasionally stopping for picnics, taverna lunches or swimming, there will be time to digest all that you are learning at a relaxed but steady pace.
A maximum of five guests will train per yacht with an instructor.
At the end of your course you’ll feel confident and competent enough to skipper your own yacht within a flotilla environment. Your lead crew will be aware of your training and will be on hand to offer their full support during your week afloat.
Brush-Up Course - two days
Ideal for those with a basic or fading knowledge of sailing, or experienced dinghy sailors looking to make the step to big boat sailing. This course is tailored around your existing experience and looks to build your ability to sail confidently once more. You will spend two days with one of our RYA instructors who will assist you in practising and reviewing the skills you wish to improve.
The Brush-Up course can also be suitable for confident, advanced dinghy sailors who sail regularly at a high level. This course enables you to transfer your well-practised dinghy skills onto a larger class of boat. Beginner or intermediate dinghy sailors should book the Introduction to Yachting course.
Private Courses - Ideal for Families
Our Private Introduction to Yachting and Brush-Up courses are designed for groups or families who wish to learn together, on the same yacht, up to a maximum of five people. The course content is the same as detailed previously but you are guaranteed to be learning as one group without having to share your training yacht with another party.
The added advantage of a private course is that we can welcome 13 to 15 year olds aboard when accompanied by a parent. Younger sailors will relish the opportunity to learn with their family as a forerunner to the flotilla week of their holiday.
Private courses are priced per yacht at four times the cost of the individual course.
One Week Learn to Sail
If you can only get away on holiday for one week or spending two weeks learning to sail is not an option for you, then our One week Learn to Sail holiday is a perfect solution - half the week will be spent at one of our yacht bases living on your yacht whilst learning to sail on the Introduction to Yachting course. For the second part of the week, you will join your fellow sailors on flotilla.
Sailing Holidays
Sailing Holidays are great for those who like to remain active on their vacation.
Techniques
Here you will find articles on a variety of different sailing techniques
Plans to drop cats as a youth class
The RYA has recently made submissions to ISAF to remove the catamaran as a youth boat for 2009, and to remove the catamaran as an Olympic boat for 2012.
These submissions by the RYA were made without any consultation with the sailing community. We request that the submissions are withdrawn before the ISAF conference in early November and replaced by alternative submissions which support the use of catamarans both in future Olympics (2012 and beyond) and for youth training.
CATAMARANS OUT OF OLYMPICS
Amazingly the ISAF Council voted the Multihull out after the Events Committee had recommended that the cats stay in.
starter Boat for 7 year old
My sister wants to get her seven year old into sailing, the Oppi would seem to be the obvious choice but waht about some of the newer designs like Tera, Taz, Open etc ?
Dinghy Sailing in the Midlands
OK a bit cold this time of year
, but I am looking for ideaas for presents for my partner.
Sailing Holidays
Ok help required, girl friend just arrived home for pile of holiday brochures. Usual girlie things of lying on the beach. I really want to do a sailing holiday, try out some new boats etc, can anyone help with experiences of Sunsail type holidays ?
New to Dinghy Sailing
I am looking to start Dinghy Sailing in the new year, will I learn anything by going to the boat show ?, or are there any good sailing magazines to read ?
Catamaran Sailing
Is catamaran sailing better than dinghy sailing?
Yacht Charter
Although I love dinghy sailing, thought I would try some yachting. Some friends are looking at bareboat charter.
Laser 4.7, Radial or Laser Standard
Thinking about a new sailing dinghy after my Topper Lasers seem to be the most popular, but am I best with 4.7 or Radial, what about the Olympic one
Sailing in Spain
Where is the best place for sailing in Spain
BBC Sport Personality of Year
Very disappointing not to see any sailors or any sailing action covered on last night's awards. Plenty of successes this year
Sailing Videos
We have now included videos of sailing action, these can be found at
Winter Sailing Clothing
Gosh wasn't it cold this weekend, my hands were really frozen, any ideas of the best winter sailing gloves ?
NEW Boats for Sale and Gear For Sale Section
SailRacer now has a new For Sale section, here you will find 000s of items For Sale
You can advertsie for FREE, now is the time of year to clear out your garage of all those unused sailing items. There are sections for Boats, Sails, Gear, Clothing, Trailers and TrolleysWhy have the RYA decided to launch a race results
In the past, the RYA have asked clubs to send in their data at the end of every year. The data captured is limited and often open to subjectivity and goes through little validation by the RYA before being used in the statistical number crunching. After a very detailed review of the PYS by the RYA, it was highlighted that the data been captured by the RYA was become less and less meaningful, which was being reflected in the declining amount of returns being received by the RYA.
By launching the RYA Race results website, in collaboration with Simon Lovesey and SailRacer, the RYA are starting to increase the accuracy and meaningfulness of the data being collected by going straight to the source; individual race results. By asking clubs to upload their race results, the RYA are getting raw race data. The raw race data is also being subjected to an analysis in accordance with the RYA guidelines, which again increases the accuracy of the data being returned.
In summary, the RYA hope to collect more data, which is more meaningful to clubs as well as nationally, and start to increase the sailing publics confidence in the system and the numbers published by the RYA.
Problem with Race Dates
Using Sailwave, I've combined all the results from every series (some 40 races) and purged any duplicates, etc. and uploaded the file via Sailwave to the site.
When I try to import each race file I get the 'Enter Race Date' message. No matter what I try it gets rejected. The error messages shows any date either entered or chosen from the Calendar as 1/12/2010 for example 1-DEC-2009=1/12/2010.
I've tried to confuse the transformation by a date combination that might give me 12/1/2010 but with no success.
The dates of the races do not matter, but each race does need manual changes before benchmarking.
How do I get around this??
Barry McGibbon
Lyme Regis Sailing Club
Mods to Suggested Handicaps Page
Hi Simon,
Benchmarking – why have I never heard of it befo
I would like understand the arithmetic the website is using. Is it the same as the YR2 spreadsheet ? If I set the benchmark to a class, does it adjust the others in relation to the benchmark or does it use the SCT of the top 2/3 of the fleet as YR2 spreadsheet.
Does it ignore POOR PERFORMERS ?
Where is the manual you refer to.
Mike Swingler
Flushing Sailing Club
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Wooden Gaff-rigged Cutter '''Sailing''' is the art of controlling a boat with large (usually fabric) foils called sails. By changing the rigging, rudder, and sometimes the keel or centre board, a sailor manages the force of the wind on the sails in order to change the direction and speed of a boat. Mastery of the skill requires experience in varying weather
wind and sea conditions, as well as knowledge concerning sailboats themselves. While there are still some places in Africa and Asia where sail-powered fishing vessels are used, these craft have become rarer as outboard and modified car engines have become available even in the poorest and most remote areas. In most countries people enjoy sailing as a recreational activity. Boating
Recreational sailing or yachting can be divided into yacht racing
racing and Cruising (maritime)
cruising. Cruising includes extended trips, Cruising (maritime)#Other kinds of maritime cruising
short trips within sight of land, and Cruising (maritime)#Other kinds of maritime cruising
daysailing. ==History== Throughout Maritime history
history sailing has been instrumental in the development of civilization, affording mankind greater mobility and capacity for fishing, trade, and warfare. The earliest representation of a ship under sail appears on a painted disc found in Kuwait dating to the late 5th millennium BC.<ref>Carter, Robert "Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC"''Antiquity'' Volume 80 No.307 March 2006 [http://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/documents/0010/3548/Carter_Boats_Antiquity.pdf]</ref> Advances in sailing technology from the Middle Ages onward enabled Geography in medieval Islam
Arab, Naval history of China
Chinese, Indian maritime history
Indian and Age of Sail
European explorers to make longer voyages into regions with extreme weather and climatic conditions. There were improvements in sails, masts and rigging; navigation equipment improved. From the 15th century onwards, European ships went further north, stayed longer on the Grand Banks and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and eventually began to explore the Pacific Northwest and the Western Arctic.<ref>"Transportation and Maps" in [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Transportation+and+Maps&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454 Virtual Vault], the art of the boat is sofa an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada</ref> Sailing has contributed to many great explorations in the world. ==Physics== ===Introduction=== A sailing vessel moves forward because of the reaction of moving air on its sails. ===Energy capture=== Sails are airfoils that work by using an airflow set up by the wind and the motion of the boat.<ref>{{cite web
url=http://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/sail_boat/sail_boat.html
title=2.972 How A Sail Boat Sails Into The Wind
publisher=Web.mit.edu
date=
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
url=http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/sailing.html
title=The physics of sailing
publisher=Animations.physics.unsw.edu.au
date=
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
url=http://www.sailtheory.com/sail.html
title=how a sail works @
publisher=Sailtheory.com
date=
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref> The combination of the two is the apparent wind, which is the relative velocity of the wind relative to the boat's motion. Sails generate lift (force)
lift using the air that flows around them, in the same way as an aircraft wing generates lift.<ref>{{cite web
url=http://www.sailtheory.com/sail.html
title=how a sail works @
publisher=Sailtheory.com
date=
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref> The air flowing at the sail surface is not the true wind.<ref>As would be seen by a wind in relation to the boat which also has a velocity. The curved surface of a sail serves to deflect the air. Deflecting the air results in a reaction force on the sail and rigging, which pushes the boat in a direction opposite to the deflection. It is often said that lift is generated by the pressure differential on the sails, but this is not entirely true--the pressure differential deflects the air, but it is the deflection that generates the force. Since the air behind the sailboat has been deflected, it now has less energy and is slower and is often called ''dirty air.'' Racing sailors try to avoid sailing in dirty air and attempt to give dirty air to opponents where possible. A common technique is trying to get upwind of an opponent, and make them sail in your dirty air, slowing them down</ref> Sailing into the wind causes the apparent wind to be greater than the true wind and the direction of the apparent wind will be forward<ref>''Forward of'' means making a smaller angle relative to the bow than the angle that the true wind makes relative to the bow</ref> of the true wind. Some high-performance boats are capable of Sailing faster than the wind
traveling faster than the true windspeed on some points of sail, see for example the Hydroptère, which set a world speed record in 2009 by sailing 1.71 times the speed of the wind.<ref>{{cite web
url=http://www.sailspeedrecords.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104:wssr-newsletter-no-177-hydroptere-world-records-230909&catid=2:news&Itemid=5
title=WSSR Newsletter No 177. Hydroptere World Records. 23/09/09
publisher=Sailspeedrecords.com
date=2009-09-04
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
url=http://www.hydroptere.com/
title=l'Hydroptère
publisher=Hydroptere.com
date=
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref> Iceboats can typically sail at 5 times the speed of the wind.<ref>See "How fast do these things really go?" in the {{cite web
title = FAQ published by the Four Lakes Ice Yacht Club
url = http://iceboat.org/faqiceboat.html}}</ref> The energy that drives a sailboat is harnessed by manipulating the relative movement of wind and water speed: if there is no difference in movement, such as on a calm day or when the wind and water current are moving in the same direction at the same speed, there is no energy to be extracted and the sailboat will not be able to do anything but drift. Where there is a difference in motion, then there is energy to be extracted at the interface. The sailboat does this by placing the sail(s) in the air and the hull(s) in the water. The sailing vessel is not maneuverable with the sail alone -- the torque caused by the sail lift would cause the vessel to twist instead of move forward. In the same manner that a plane requires an Elevator (aircraft)
elevator with control surfaces, a boat requires a keel and rudder. The sail alone is not sufficient to drive the boat in any desired direction. Sailboats overcome this by having another physical object below the water line. This may take the form of a keel, centerboard, or some other form of underwater foil, or even the hull itself (as in catamarans without centreboard or in a traditional proa). Thus, the physical portion of the boat that is below water can be regarded as functioning as a "second sail." Having two surfaces against the wind and water enables the sailor to travel in almost any direction and to generate an additional source of lift from the water. The flow of water over the underwater hull portions creates a hydrodynamic force. The combination of the aerodynamic force from the sails and the hydrodynamic force from the underwater hull section allows motion in almost any direction except straight into the wind.<ref name="PhysicsForArchitects.com">How sail boats sail against the wind? Faster than the wind? http://PhysicsForArchitects.com/Sailing_against_the_wind.php</ref> This can be likened, in simple terms, to squeezing a wet bar of soap with two hands, causing it to shoot out in a direction perpendicular to both opposing forces. Depending on the efficiency of the rig, the angle of travel relative to the true wind can be as little as 35° or greater than 80°. This angle is called the tack (sailing)
tacking angle.<ref>{{cite web
url=http://www.storerboatplans.com/Pdr/PDRmeasurepointingleeway.html
title=OZ PD Racer - Measuring Leeway and Tacking Angle - Michael Storer Boat Design
publisher=Storerboatplans.com
date=
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref> Tacking is essential when sailing upwind. The sails, when correctly adjusted, will generate aerodynamic lift. When sailing downwind, the sails no longer generate aerodynamic lift and airflow is stalled, with the wind push on the sails giving drag only. As the boat is going downwind, the apparent wind is less than the true wind and this, allied to the fact that the sails are not producing aerodynamic lift, serves to limit the downwind speed.<ref>Large sails of big area, spinnakers serve to increase the sail area for more performance downwind.</ref> Some non-traditional rigs purportedly capture energy from the wind in a different fashion and are capable of feats that traditional rigs are not, such as sailing directly into the wind. One such example is the wind turbine boat, also called the windmill boat,<ref>{{cite web
url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/02/windmill_sailbo.php
title=Windmill Sailboat: Sailing Against the Wind
publisher=TreeHugger
date=
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref> which uses a large windmill to extract energy from the wind, and a propeller to convert this energy to forward motion of the hull. A similar design, called the autogyro boat, uses a wind turbine without the propellor, and functions in a manner similar to a normal sail.<ref>[http://uk.geocities.com/fnsnclr@btinternet.com/yachts/auto/index.htm ]{{dead link
date=June 2010}}</ref> A more recent (2010) development is a cart that uses wheels linked to a propeller to Sailing faster than the wind#Sailing dead downwind faster than the wind
"sail" dead downwind at speeds exceeding wind speed.<ref name = sailmagRFttW>{{cite web
last = Cort
first = Adam
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Running Faster than the Wind
work =
publisher = sailmagazine.com
date = April 5, 2010
url = http://sailmagazine.com/racing/running_faster_than_the_wind/
accessdate = April 6, 2010}}</ref><ref name = ddfw>{{cite web
title = Ride Like the Wind (only faster)
url = http://www.fasterthanthewind.org/
accessdate = April 6, 2010}}</ref> ===Effects of wind shear=== Wind shear affects sailboats in motion by presenting a different wind speed and direction at different heights along the mast (sailing)
mast. Wind shear occurs because of friction above a water surface slowing the flow of air. Thus, a difference in true wind creates a different apparent wind at different heights. Sailmakers may introduce sail twist in the design of the sail, where the head of the sail is set at a different angle of attack from the foot of the sail in order to change the lift distribution with height. The effect of wind shear can be factored into the selection of twist in the sail design, but this can be difficult to predict since wind shear may vary widely in different weather conditions. Sailors may also adjust the trim of the sail to account for wind gradient, for example, using a boom vang.<ref>{{cite book
last = Garrett
first = Ross
title = The Symmetry of Sailing
publisher = Sheridan House
location = Dobbs Ferry
year = 1996
pages = 97–99
isbn = 1574090003 }}</ref> ==Points of sail== {{See
Points of sail}} Image:Points of sail.svg
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The points of sail. A. In Irons (into the wind) B. Close Hauled C. Beam Reach D. Broad Reach E. Running The points of sail are the most important parts of sail theory to remember. The no-go zone (shown shaded in accompanying figure) is about 45° either side of the true wind for a racing hull and sail plan optimized for upwind work. On some cruising yachts, the best course achievable upwind is 50° to 55° to the true wind. No sailboat can sail directly into the wind; attempting to do so leads to the sails luffing. There are 5 main points of sail. In order from the edge of the no-go zone to directly downwind they are: *close haul (often about 45° to the apparent wind - the least angle that the boat and its rig can manage) *close reach (between close hauled and a beam reach) *beam reach (90° to the apparent wind) *broad reach (between a beam reach and running) *running (close to directly downwind) The sail trim (and, on smaller boats, centre board/dagger board position) on a boat is relative to the point of sail one is on: on a beam reach sails are mostly let out, on a run sails are all the way out, and close hauled sails are pulled in very tightly. Two main skills of sailing are trimming the sails correctly for the direction and strength of the wind, and maintaining a course relative to the wind that suits the sails once trimmed. ===Beating or "working"=== Image:Beating an upwind course.svg
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Using a series of close-hauled legs to beat a course upwind. A boat can only get to an upwind destination by sailing close-hauled with the wind coming from one side, then tack (maneuver)
tacking (turning the boat through the eye of the wind) and sailing with the wind coming from the other side. By this method of zig-zagging into the wind it is possible to reach any upwind destination.<ref name="PhysicsForArchitects.com"/> A yacht beating to a mark directly upwind one mile away will cover a distance through the water of at least 1.4 miles, if it can tack through an angle of 90 degrees with negligible leeway. An old adage describes beating as sailing for twice<ref>Each leg at 45 degrees to the true wind is 0.71miles, but in reality is longer as tacking angles greater than 45 degrees are the norm and leeway is also significant</ref> the distance at half the speed and three times the discomfort. How closely a boat can sail into the wind depends on the boat's design, sail shape and trim, the sea state, and the wind speed. Typical angles to the true wind are as follows. Actual course over the water will be worse due to leeway. *about 35° for modern racing yachts which have been optimized for upwind performance (like America's Cup yachts) *about 42 to 45° for modern cruiser-racer yachts (fast cruising yachts) *about 50 to 60° for cruisers with an emphasis on interior space, ease of handling and often low draught rather than sailing performance, and for boats carrying two or more masts (since the forward sails adversely affect the aft sails when sailing upwind) *close to 90° for square riggers and similar vessels due to the sail shape which is very ineffective when sailing upwind ===Reaching=== When the boat is traveling approximately perpendicular to the wind, this is called reaching. A "beam" reach is with the apparent wind at right angles to the boat, a "close" reach is anywhere between beating and a beam reach, and a "broad" reach is between a beam reach and running. For most modern sailboats, that is boats with Fore-and-aft rig
fore-and-aft sails, reaching is the fastest way to travel. The direction of the wind is ideal when reaching because it can maximize the lift generated on the sails in the forward direction of the boat, giving the best boat speed. Also when reaching, the boat can be steered exactly in the direction that is most desirable, and the sails can be trimmed for that direction. Reaching may, however, put the boat on a course parallel with the crests of the waves. When the waves are steep, it may be necessary to sail closer to the wind to avoid waves directly on the beam. ===Running=== Image:Lettenmaier.jpg
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A thistle (dinghy)
Thistle running downwind with a spinnaker. Sailing the boat within roughly 30 degrees either side of dead downwind is called a run. This can be the most comfortable point of sail, but requires constant attention. Loss of attention by the helmsman can lead to an accidental jibe, causing injury to the boat or crew. All on deck must be aware of, and if possible avoid, the potential arc of the boom, mainsheet and other gear in case an accidental jibe occurs during a run. A preventer can be rigged to reduce danger and damage from accidental jibes. In stronger winds, rolling increases as there is less rolling resistance provided by the sails, as they are eased out. In smaller boats, death rolls can build up and lead to capsize. Any boat Over-canvassed sailing
over-canvassed on a run can Rounding up
round up, heel excessively and stop suddenly in the water. This is called Broach (sailing)
broaching and it can lead to capsize, possible crew injury and loss of crew into the water. Options for manoeuvering are also reduced. On other points of sail, it is easy to stop or slow the boat by heading into the wind; there may be no such easy way out when running, especially in close quarters or when a spinnaker, whisker pole or preventer are set. ==Basic sailing techniques== Image:Sailing in front of Helsinki, Finland.jpg
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Sailing in front of Helsinki, Finland. 8mR Sagitta (Camper & Nicholson 1929), a true sailboat with no motor, lowers its mainsail after a training session before returning to its Mooring (watercraft)
mooring with the foresail only. ===Trim=== An important aspect of sailing is keeping the boat in "trim (sailing)
trim". * '''C'''ourse made good - The turning or steering of the boat vessel using the wheel or tiller to the desired course or buoy. See different points of sail. This may be a definite bearing (e.g. steer 270 degrees), or towards a landmark, or at a desired angle to the apparent wind direction. * '''T'''rim - This is the fore and aft balance of the boat. The aim is to adjust the moveable ballast (the crew!) forwards or backwards to achieve an 'even keel'. On an upwind course in a small boat, the crew typically sit forward to reduce drag. When 'running', it is more efficient for the crew to sit to the rear of the boat. The position of the crew matters less as the size (and weight) of the boat increases. * '''B'''alance - This is the port and starboard balance. The aim, once again, is to adjust weight 'windward' or 'leeward' to prevent excessive heeling. The boat moves at a faster velocity if it is flat to the water. * '''S'''ail trim - Trimming sails is a large topic. Simply put, however, a sail should be pulled in until it fills with wind, but no further than the point where the front edge of the sail (the luff) is exactly in line with the wind. Let it out until it starts to flap, and then pull it in until it stops. * '''C'''entreboard (Daggerboard) - If a moveable centreboard is fitted, then it should be lowered when sailing "close to the wind" but can be raised up on downwind courses to reduce drag. The centreboard prevents lateral motion and allows the boat to sail upwind. A boat with no centreboard will instead have a permanent keel, some other form of underwater foil, or even the hull itself which serves the same purpose. On a close haul the daggerboard should be fully down, and while running, over half way up. Together, these points are known as 'The Five Essentials' and constitute the central aspects of sailing. ===Reducing sail=== An important safety aspect of sailing is to adjust the amount of sail to suit the wind conditions. As the wind speed increases the crew should progressively reduce the amount of sail. On a small boat with only jib and mainsail this is done by furl (sailing)
furling the jib and by partially lowering the mainsail, a process called 'reefing the main'. Reefing means reducing the area of a sail without actually changing it for a smaller sail. Ideally reefing does not only result in a reduced sail area but also in a lower center of effort from the sails, reducing the heeling moment and keeping the boat more upright. There are three common methods of reefing the mainsail: *Slab reefing, which involves lowering the sail by about one-quarter to one-third of its luff length and tightening the lower part of the sail using an outhaul or a pre-loaded reef line through a cringle at the new clew, and hook through a cringle at the new Tack (sailing)
tack. *In-mast (or on-mast) roller-reefing. This method rolls the sail up around a vertical foil either inside a slot in the mast, or affixed to the outside of the mast. It requires a mainsail with either no battens, or newly-developed vertical battens. *In-boom roller-reefing, with a horizontal foil inside the boom (sailing)
boom. This method allows for standard- or full-length horizontal battens. Mainsail furling systems have become increasingly popular on cruising yachts, as they can be operated shorthanded and from the cockpit, in most cases. However, the sail can become jammed in the mast (sailing)
mast or boom slot if not operated correctly. Mainsail furling is almost never used while racing because it results in a less efficient sail profile. The classical slab-reefing method is the most widely used. Mainsail furling has an additional disadvantage in that its complicated gear may somewhat increase weight aloft. However, as the size of the boat increases, the benefits of mainsail roller furling increase dramatically. An old saying goes, "The first time you think of reducing sail you should,"{{Citation needed
date=November 2007}} and correspondingly, "When you think you are ready to take out a reef, have a cup of tea instead."{{Citation needed
date=November 2007}} ===Sail trimming=== Image:Contender sailing dinghy.jpg
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A Contender dinghy on a reach. Sail trimming is a large subject and a matter of debate. The most basic control of the sail consists of setting its angle relative to the wind. The control line that accomplishes this is called a "sheet." If the sheet is too loose the sail will flap in the wind, an occurrence that is called "luffing." Optimum sail angle can be approximated by pulling the sheet in just so far as to make the luffing stop. Finer controls adjust the overall shape of the sail. Two or more sails are frequently combined to maximize the smooth flow of air. The sails are adjusted to create a smooth laminar flow over the sail surfaces. This is called the "slot effect". The combined sails fit into an imaginary aerofoil outline, so that the most forward sails are more in line with the wind, whereas the more aft sails are more in line with the course followed. The combined efficiency of this sail plan is greater than the sum of each sail used in isolation. More detailed aspects include specific control of the sail's shape, e.g.: * reefing, or reducing the sail area in stronger wind * altering sail shape to make it flatter in high winds * raking the mast when going upwind (to tilt the sail towards the rear, this being more stable) * providing sail twist to account for wind speed differential and to spill excess wind in gusty conditions * gibbing or lowering a sail ===Hull trim=== Hull trim is the adjustment of a boat's loading so as to change its fore-and-aft attitude in the water. In small boats, it is done by positioning the crew. In larger boats the weight of a person has less effect on the hull trim, but it can be adjusted by shifting gear, fuel, water, or supplies. Different hull trim efforts are required for different kinds of boats and different conditions. Here are just a few examples: In a lightweight racing dinghy like a Thistle (dinghy)
Thistle, the hull should be kept level, on its designed water line for best performance in all conditions. In many small boats, weight too far aft can cause drag by submerging the transom, especially in light to moderate winds. Weight too far forward can cause the bow to dig into the waves. In heavy winds, a boat with its bow too low may capsize by pitching forward over its bow (pitch-pole) or dive under the waves (submarine). On a run in heavy winds, the forces on the sails tend to drive a boat's bow down, so the crew weight is moved far aft. ===Heeling===<!-- This section is linked from Yacht --> When a ship or boat leans over to one side under wind pressure, from the action of waves or from the centrifugal force of a turn, it is said to 'heel'. A sailing boat that is Over-canvassed sailing
overcanvassed and heeling over beyond a certain angle sails less efficiently. Image:Tacking near Britannia Bridge.jpg
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Boats heeling in front of Britannia Bridge in a round-Anglesey race 1998 When a vessel heels, the buoyancy of that part of the hull which is being submerged acts to balance the heeling force. A weighted keel provides additional force to right the boat. In some high-performance racing yachts, the angle of the keel can be changed to provide additional righting force: such keels are called canting keels. The crew may move onto the high (upwind) side of the boat, called ''Hiking (sailing)
hiking'', which changes the centre of gravity. They can Trapeze (Dinghy Gear)
trapeze if the boat is designed for this (see Dinghy sailing). The underwater shape of the hull relative to the sails may make the boat turn upwind when it heels excessively: this can reduce the force on the sails, and so allow the boat to right itself. It is known as ''rounding up'', and can lead to difficulties in controlling the vessel if overcanvassed. A boat can be turned upwind in gusts to produce the same effect, or wind can be spilled from the sails by 'sheeting out', or loosening them. Sail shape can be flattened, for example by tightening the list of nautical terms
downhaul. If a sailing vessel heels too much, the real solution is to reduce the sail area, by removing and/or reefing sails. Raising the centreboard can reduce heeling, which can be surprising, but it is not an ideal solution as it only works by increasing leeway. As a sailing boat heels further over, wind spills from the tops of the sails, so that an equilibrium angle may be reached. This may not be satisfactory if the angle is so great that rounding up makes the boat uncontrollable or if the roughness of the sea due to the wind, when combined with an extreme angle of heel makes progress untenable. If however a boat heels beyond a certain point of stability, it can capsize. Yachts with heavy keels may need a combined effect of wind- and wave-induced heeling to put the tip of the mast so far into the water that they go beyond their point of negative stability and roll. Depending on their stability when floating deck-down, when combined with the roughness of the sea tending to disrupt this, they may remain inverted or self-right themselves in this extreme case. Dinghies and other vessels without a weighted keel, including open boats and many historic vessels, are easier to capsize. If sufficient buoyancy has been built in, as it should have in modern sailing dinghies, the craft may fill with water but still not sink. This may not be true for older vessels, or those where the buoyancy structures have not been properly maintained. ==Sailing hulls and hull shapes== {{See
Hull (watercraft)}} Image:Musto Skiff.jpg
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Musto Performance Skiff Sailing boats with one hull are "monohulls", those with two are "catamarans", those with three are "trimarans". A boat is turned by a rudder, which itself is controlled by a tiller or a wheel, while at the same time adjusting the sheeting angle of the sails. Smaller sailing boats often have a stabilising, raisable, underwater fin called a centreboard (or daggerboard); larger sailing boats have a fixed (or sometimes canting) keel. As a general rule, the former are called dinghies, the latter keelboats. However, up until the adoption of the Racing Rules of Sailing, any vessel racing under sail was considered a yacht, be it a multi-masted ship-rigged vessel (such as a sailing frigate), a sailboard (more commonly referred to as a windsurfer) or remote-controlled boat, or anything in between. (See Dinghy sailing.) Multihulls use flotation and/or weight positioned away from the centre line of the sailboat to counter the force of the wind. This is in contrast to heavy ballast that can account for up to 90% (in extreme cases like America's Cup
AC boats) of the weight of a monohull sailboat. In the case of a standard catamaran there are two similarly-sized and -shaped slender hulls connected by beams, which are sometimes overlaid by a deck superstructure. Another catamaran variation is the proa. In the case of trimarans, which have an unballasted centre hull similar to a monohull, two smaller ama (sailing)
amas are situated parallel to the centre hull to resist the sideways force of the wind. The advantage of multihulled sailboats is that they do not suffer the performance penalty of having to carry heavy ballast, and their relatively lesser draft reduces the amount of drag, caused by friction and inertia, when moving through the water. ==Types of sails and layouts== {{See
Sailboat}} Image:Mozambique - traditional sailboat.jpg
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Traditional sailing off the northern coast of Mozambique. A traditional modern yacht is technically called a "Bermuda sloop" (sometimes a "Bermudan sloop"). A sloop is any boat that has a single mast and usually a single headsail (generally a jib) in addition to the mainsail (Bermuda rig but c.f. Friendship sloop). A cutter (boat) also has a single mast, set further aft than a sloop and more than one headsail. The Bermuda designation refers to the fact that the sail, which has its forward edge (the "luff") against the mast (the main sail), is a sail roughly triangular in shape. Additionally, Bermuda sloops only have a single sail behind the mast. Other types of sloops are gaff-rigged sloops and lateen sloops. Gaff-rigged sloops have quadrilateral mainsails with a gaff rig
gaff (a small boom) at their upper edge (the "head" of the sail). Gaff-rigged vessels may also have another sail, called a topsail, above the gaff. Lateen sloops have triangular sails with the upper edge attached to a gaff, and the lower edge attached to the boom, and the boom and gaff are attached to each other via some type of hinge. It is also possible for a sloop to be square rigged (having large square sails like a Napoleonic Wars-era ship of the line). Note that a "sloop of war", in the naval sense, may well have more than one mast, and is not properly a sloop by the modern meaning. If a boat has two masts, it may be a schooner, a ketch, or a yawl, if it is rigged fore-and-aft on all masts. A schooner may have any number of masts provided the second from the front is the tallest (called the "main mast"). In both a ketch and a yawl, the foremost mast is tallest, and thus the main mast, while the rear mast is shorter, and called the mizzen mast. The difference between a ketch and a yawl is that in a ketch, the mizzen mast is forward of the rudderpost (the axis of rotation for the rudder), while a yawl has its mizzen mast behind the rudderpost. In modern parlance, a brigantine is a vessel whose forward mast is rigged with square sails, while her after mast is rigged fore-and-aft. A brig is a vessel with two masts both rigged square. As one gets into three or more masts the number of combinations rises and one gets barques, barquentines, and full rigged ships. A spinnaker is a large, full sail that is only used when sailing off wind either reaching or downwind, to catch the maximum amount of wind. ===Sailing by high altitude wind power=== SkySails is sailing freighter ships.<ref>{{cite web
url=http://skysails.com
title=SkySails - Home
publisher=Skysails.com
date=
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref> Speedsailor Dave Culp strongly introduced his OutLeader kite sail for speedsailing.<ref>{{cite web
url=http://KiteShip.com
title=Innovation in Tethered Flight
publisher=KiteShip
date=
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref> Malcolm Phillips invents an advanced sailing technique using high altitude kites and kytoon.<ref>* [http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=0MwTAAAAEBAJ US Patent 6925949] Elevated sailing apparatus by Malcolm Phillips, filed Dec 31, 2002.</ref> ===Rigid foils=== With modern techonology, "wings", that is Sail#Sail types
rigid sails, may be used in place of fabric sails. An example of this would be the International C-Class Catamaran Championship and the yacht BMW Oracle Racing 90
USA that won the 2010 2010 America's Cup
America's Cup.<ref name = "C cat">{{cite web
url=http://www.sailmagazine.com/cclasscats/
title=c class catamarans
publisher=Sailmagazine.com
date=
accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref> Such rigid sails are typically made of thin plastic fabric held stretched over a frame.<ref name = "C cat"/> ==Sailing terminology== {{See
Glossary of nautical terms}} Sailors use traditional nautical terms for the parts of or directions on a vessel; starboard (right), port (left), forward or fore (front), aft (rearward), bow (forward part of the hull), stern (aft part of the hull), beam (the widest part). Vertical spars are masts, horizontal spars are booms (if they can hit the sailor), gaffs (if they are too high to reach) or poles (if they cannot hit the sailor). ===Rope and lines=== Image:Rigging, sailing.jpg
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Standing rigging (on the left) and running rigging (on the right), on a sailing boat. In most cases, ''rope'' is the term used only for raw material. Once a section of rope is designated for a particular purpose on a vessel, it generally is called a ''line,'' as in ''outhaul line'' or ''dock line''. A very thick line is considered a ''cable.'' Lines that are attached to sails to control their shapes are called ''sheets'', as in ''mainsheet''. If a rope is made of wire, it maintains its rope name as in 'wire rope' halyard. Lines (generally steel cables) that support masts are stationary and are collectively known as a vessel's standing rigging, and individually as ''shrouds'' or ''stays''. The stay running forward from a mast to the bow is called the ''forestay'' or ''headstay''. Moveable lines that control sails or other equipment are known collectively as a vessel's running rigging. Lines that raise sails are called ''halyards'' while those that strike them are called ''downhauls'' or ''cunninghams''. Lines that adjust (trim) the sails are called sheet (sailing)
''sheets''. These are often referred to using the name of the sail they control (such as ''main sheet'', or ''jib sheet''). Sail trim may also be controlled with smaller lines attached to the forward section of a boom; such a line is called a ''vang'', or a ''kicker'' in the United Kingdom. A ''topping lift'' is used to hold a boom up in the absence of sail tension. ''Guy (sailing)
Guys'' are used to control the ends of other Spar (sailing)
spars such as spinnaker poles. Lines used to tie a boat up when alongside a dock are called ''docklines'', ''docking cables'' or ''mooring warps''. In dinghies the single line from the bow is referred to as the ''Painter (rope)
painter''. Some lines are referred to as ropes: * a bell rope (to ring the bell), * a bolt rope (attached to the edge of a sail for extra strength), * a foot rope (on old square riggers for the sailors to stand on while reefing or furling the sails), and * a tiller rope (to temporarily hold the tiller and keep the boat on course). A ''rode'' is what keeps an anchor attached to the boat when the anchor is in use. It may be chain, rope, or a combination of the two. ===Other terms=== Image:mooring-youngstown.jpg
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Sailboat on a mooring ball near Youngstown, NY Walls are called ''Bulkhead (partition)
bulkheads'' or ''ceilings'', while the surfaces referred to as ceilings on land are called 'overheads'. Floors are called 'soles' or ''Deck (ship)
decks''. The toilet is traditionally called the 'head', the kitchen is the ''Galley (kitchen)
galley''. Lines are rarely tied off, they are almost always 'made fast' or 'belayed.' Sails in different sail plans have unchanging names, however. For the naming of sails, see sail-plan. <!-- do we really need this? Sailing terms have entered popular language in many ways. "Broken up" was the fate of a ship that hit a "rocky point" or was simply no longer wanted. "Poop" refers to the aftermost deck of a ship, taken from "puppis" the Latin word for "stern". "Pooped" refers to a wave breaking over the stern and filling the cockpit with water. "In the doldrums" referred to being becalmed, windless, especially in the narrow band of hot windless water "the doldrums", near the equator. "Adrift" meant literally that a ship's anchor had come loose, and the ship was out of control near land and therefore in serious danger. "Keel-hauled and hung out to dry." was the rather nasty process of attaching a sailor to a rope, and drawing him under the sailboat while underway, and then hanging him from a yard-arm (under his shoulders usually, not by his neck), where officers and crew could mock him. This was a particularly unpleasant punishment; apart from the risk of drowning, barnacles on the ship's hull would lacerate the sailor. --> ==Knots== Knots are among the most important things a sailor needs to know. Although only a few are required, the bowline in particular is essential. By also learning the clove hitch and "round turn and two half hitches," one can easily cope with all of the knot requirements of a boat. A more complete grasp of knot-tying includes mastery of the following knots: *bowline *clove hitch *round turn and two half hitches *rolling hitch *Figure-eight knot (ropes)
figure of eight *reef knot *sheet bend *stopper knots Additional knots are available List of knots Even experienced sailors may forget their knots if they are not performed on a regular basis. Forgetting how to tie an important knot can damage a boat or cause injury. *http://www.tollesburysc.co.uk/Knots/Knots_gallery.htm (Some of the important knots) ==Rules and regulations== Every vessel in coastal and offshore waters is subject to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (the COLREGS). On inland waterways and lakes other similar regulations, such as Code Européen des Voies de la Navigation Intérieure
CEVNI in Europe, may apply. In some sailing events, such as the Olympic Games, which are held on closed courses where no other boating is allowed, specific racing rules such as the Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS) may apply. Often, in club racing, specific club racing rules, perhaps based on RRS, may be ''superimposed'' onto the more general regulations such as COLREGS or CEVNI. In general, regardless of the activity, in any conditions of visibility, every sailor must *Maintain a proper lookout at all times *Adjust speed to suit the conditions *Know whether to 'stand on' or 'give way' in any close-quarters situation.<ref>{{cite book
last=Pearson
first=Malcolm
title=Reeds Skipper's Handbook
year=2007
publisher=Adlard Coles Nautical
isbn=978-0-7136-8338-7
page=95}}</ref> The stand-on vessel must hold a steady course and speed but be prepared to take late avoiding action to prevent an actual collision if the other vessel does not do so in time. The give-way vessel must take early, positive and obvious avoiding action, without crossing ahead of the other vessel.(International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea#Section II (for vessels in sight of one another)
Rules 16-17) #If an approaching vessel remains on a steady bearing, then a collision is likely. (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea#Section I (for any visibility)
Rule 7) This can be checked with a hand-bearing compass. #The sailing vessel on port tack<ref>Sails set for a breeze coming from the left hand side of the boat</ref> gives way to the sailing vessel on starboard tack<ref>Sails set for a breeze coming from the right side of the boat</ref> (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea#Section II (for vessels in sight of one another)
Rule 12) #If both sailing vessels are on the same tack, the windward boat gives way to the leeward one (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea#Section II (for vessels in sight of one another)
Rule 12) #If a vessel on port tack is unable to determine the tack of the other boat, she should be prepared to give way (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea#Section II (for vessels in sight of one another)
Rule 12) #An overtaking vessel must keep clear of the vessel being overtaken (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea#Section II (for vessels in sight of one another)
Rule 13) #Sailing vessels must give way to vessels engaged in fishing, those not under command, and those restricted in their ability to manoeuvre or constrained by their draft. (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea#Section II (for vessels in sight of one another)
Rule 18) The COLREGS go on to describe the lights to be shown by vessels under way at night or in restricted visibility. Specifically, for sailing boats, red and green sidelights and a white sternlight are required, although for vessels under 7 metres (23.0 ft) in length, these may be substituted by a torch or white all-round lantern. (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea#Part C - Lights and shapes
Rules 22 & 25) Sailors are required to be aware not only of the requirements for their own boat, but of all the other lights, shapes and flags that may be shown by other vessels, such as those fishing, towing, dredging, diving etc, as well as sound signals that may be made in restricted visibility and at close quarters, so that they can make decisions under the COLREGS in good time, should the need arise. (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea#Part D - Sound and light signals
Rules 32 - 37) In addition to the COLREGS, CEVNI and/or any specific racing rules that apply to a sailing boat, there are also * The IALA International Association of Lighthouse Authorities standards for lateral marks, lights, signals, and buoyage and rules designed to support safe navigation. * The SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea) regulations, specifically Chapter V, which is mandatory for all leisure craft users of the sea from 1st July 2002.<ref>{{cite book
last=Pearson
first=Malcolm
title=Reeds Skipper's Handbook
year=2007
publisher=Adlard Coles Nautical
isbn=978-0-7136-8338-7
page=115}}</ref> These regulations place the obligations for safety on the owners and operators of any boat including sailboats. They specify the safety equipment needed, the emergency procedures to be used appropriate to the boat's size and its sailing range, and requirements for passage planning with regard to weather and safety. ==Licensing== Depending on the country or continental union, boating on coastal waters and inland waters may require a license. Usually, boating on inland waters almost always requires a license, while boating on coastal waters only requires a license when a certain boat size is exceeded (e.g., a length of 20 meters), or when passenger ships, ferries or tugboats are steered.<ref>Info from Dutch wikipedia article; Vaarbewijs</ref> Boating on international waters does not require any license, due to the absence of any laws or restrictions in this area. Europe's continental union, the EU, issues the International Certificate of Competence. ==Sailboat racing== Image:US Sailing Team2.jpg
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U.S. Sailing team at the World Military Games Sailing Competition, December 2003 Sailboat racing ranges from single person dinghy racing to large boats with 10 or 20 crew and from small boats costing a few hundred dollars to multi-million dollar America's Cup or Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race campaigns. The costs of participating in the high end large boat competitions make this type of sailing one of the most expensive sports in the world. However, there are inexpensive ways to get involved in sailboat racing, such as at community sailing clubs, classes offered by local recreation organizations and in some inexpensive dinghy and small catamaran classes. Additionally high schools and colleges may offer sailboat racing programs through the Interscholastic Sailing Association (in the USA) and the Intercollegiate Sailing Association (in the USA and some parts of Canada). Under these conditions, sailboat racing can be comparable to or less expensive than sports such as golf and skiing. Sailboat racing is one of the few sports in which people of all ages and genders can regularly compete with and against each other. Most sailboat and yacht racing is done in coastal or inland waters. However, in terms of endurance and risk to life, ocean races such as the Volvo Ocean Race, the solo VELUX 5 Oceans Race, and the non-stop solo Vendée Globe, rate as some of the most extreme and dangerous sporting events. Not only do participants compete for days with little rest, but an unexpected storm, a single equipment failure, or collision with an ice floe could result in the sailboat being disabled or sunk hundreds or thousands of miles from search and rescue. The sport of Yacht racing
Sailboat racing is governed by the International Sailing Federation, and the rules under which competitors race are the Racing Rules of Sailing, which can be found on the ISAF web site. ==See also== <div style="-moz-column-count:4; column-count:4;"> *American Sail Training Association *Catboat and Sloop *Catamaran *Cruising (maritime) *Day sailer *Dinghy racing *Dinghy sailing *History of ship transport *Ketch *Land sailing *List of nautical terms *Marina *Planing (sailing) *Points of sail *Racing Rules of Sailing? *Sail-plan *Single-handed sailing *Solar sail *Trailer sailer *Trimaran *Intercollegiate sports team champions#Sailing
U.S. intercollegiate sailing champions *Yachting *Yacht charter *Yacht racing </div> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== *"Transportation and Maps" in [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Transportation+and+Maps&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454 Virtual Vault], an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada * Rousmaniere, John, The Annapolis Book of Seamanship, Simon & Shuster, 1999 * Chapman Book of Piloting (various contributors), Hearst Corporation, 1999 * Herreshoff, Halsey (consulting editor), The Sailor’s Handbook, Little Brown and Company, 1983 * Seidman, David, The Complete Sailor, International Marine, 1995 * Jobson, Gary, Sailing Fundamentals, Simon & Shuster, 1987 ==External links== {{Commons}} {{Wiktionary}} *[http://www.sailing.org/ International Sailing Federation] *[http://www.asa.com/ American Sailing Association] *[http://www.rya.org.uk/ Royal Yacht Association] *[http://www.ussailing.org/ US Sailing] *[http://www.hunter280.com/sailing-simulator.html Sailing Simulator] *[http://marinaaquaticcenter.org/SailingClasses/manual.htm Sailing Manual] *[http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/sailing.html The physics of sailing] (School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) {{Sailing Dinghies and Skiffs}} {{Trailer sailers and Trailer yachts worldwide}} {{Keelboats Worldwide}} {{List of Catamarans and Trimarans}} Category:Sailing Category:Mixed sports Category:Olympic sports {{Link FA
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